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Did Rwanda really Ban Plastics

While plastics are not banned per se, the country introduced a ban on plastic bags.

Since 2008, it is illegal to import, produce, use or sell plastic bags in Rwanda, and penalties are imposed for those who violate the law. Plastic smugglers can receive up to six months in jail.

The law has been adopted to decrease litter and landfilling and to protect the environment, helping Rwanda to become the cleanest country in Africa.

While the law and its strict enforcement has not been welcomed by all business owners, the government did introduce tax incentives and recycling contracts to help businesses manage the transition.

How Rwanda has Addressed Gender-based Discrimination in Cycling?

The Rwandan government has developed policies against discrimination in sports.

Cycling is a hugely popular sport in Rwanda and is playing an important role in reuniting the country. President Kagame has even considered making cycling a national sport.

However, in December 2019, the former coach of Rwanda’s national cycling team, Jonathan Boyer, accused the Rwanda Cycling Federation president, Aimable Bayingana, of corruption and ignoring sexual misconduct against female riders.

Three days after the open letter was published, Bayingana stood down as president, along with the executive members of the Rwandan Cycling Federation.

Following the scandal, the Rwandan Investigation Bureau put the case “under investigation”. The government also took action. Shema Maboko, Permanent Secretary at the sports ministry, commented that: “We are aware that sexual assault and corruption happens, and it is our prerogative to fight it. We are strong on it. We have been using the national policies against sexual exploitation.”

The Rwandan Sports Ministry has promised to impose a new policy against sexual abuse, which will govern all sports activities in the country as part of Rwanda’s broader policy on correcting gender-based corruption.

Is the Rwandan Economy Growing?

The Rwandan economy is seeing consistent growth throughout the 21st Century.

The Rwandan economy has bounced back incredibly well from the economic turmoil created by the civil war and genocide against the Tutsi, seeing consistent growth throughout the 21st Century. For the decade from 2001 to 2010, Rwanda was in one of the top ten fastest growing economy in the world.

Since the start of the 21st Century, Rwanda’s GDP has grown from $2.7 billion to $9.2 billion in 2016 – which amounts to an average of 14.42% growth per year. This is over double the average rate of sub-Saharan African economies during this period, which is 7.2% per year.

The Rwandan economy has continued to show strong signs of growth. The Covid-19 pandemic came in the midst of what the World Bank described as an ‘economic boom’ in Rwanda, after the economy grew by 10% in 2019.

The result of the pandemic has already been pronounced, with a drop of 12.4% in GDP in the second quarter of 2020. According to Nordic bank Nordea, the economy is expected to bounce back to a rate of 6.7% growth in 2021. Research group Focus Economics has also predicted that Rwanda will grow at a faster rate than any other economy in the world in the 2019-2024 period.

What Was the Role of the International Community during the Genocide?

The international community’s inaction during the Genocide against the Tutsi is a source of shame and regret.

After the Arusha agreement led to a ceasefire in the 1993 Civil War, the UN deployed UNAMIR, a peacekeeping force, to monitor the implementation of the negotiated settlement. The Force Commander was a Canadian General – Roméo Dallaire.

In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, he recounts sending the infamous ‘Dallaire Fax’ on January 11 1994. The fax referred to information from a highly-ranked member of the Interahamwe militia, who had informed him that registration lists of ‘all the Tutsi in Kigali’ were being made, and that ‘in 20 minutes his personnel could kill up to 1000 Tutsis’.

Despite clear evidence of planned murder, the international community failed to take action. According to Alison Des Forges, the French government ‘certainly knew about the preparations for killing Tutsi and opponents of Hutu Power’, yet ‘continued to support the Rwandan government diplomatically’. Belgium, on the other hand ‘tried hardest to respond to the warnings of imminent slaughter’, but their calls for a bolstered peacekeeping force went unheeded.

Once the genocide against the Tutsi began, international powers were reluctant to intervene outside of evacuating their own personnel from Rwanda. Samantha Power observed that American officials, and other diplomats around the world, avoided the word ‘genocide’ at all costs. Seemingly, they were ‘afraid that using it would have obliged [them] to act under the terms of the 1948 genocide convention’.

As the genocide raged on, rather than bolstering the peacekeeping force, the UN retreated. On 21 April 1994, UNAMIR shrank to just 270 troops. With deaths numbering in the tens and hundreds of thousands, the UN reluctantly approved UNAMIR II which would provide 5,500 more troops. The implementing resolution (Res. 924 1995) came a full two months after the killings began – after, according to Secretary General Boutros-Ghali – up to half a million people had already been killed. According to an OECD report, the deployment of this resolution took two months: the reinforcements arrived ‘after the civil war and genocide were over’.

Alongside UNAMIR II, the French government announced that they would be sending a mission to establish a ‘safe zone’ in South-West Rwanda. Their intervention, which involved 2,500 soldiers, was named ‘Operation Turquoise’.

This operation become infamous for its misguided nature. It enabled thousands of militia men to flee unhindered, and the roadblocks that paved the way to safety might have even enhanced the speed of killing. According to Samantha Power, the French ignored the fact that Radio Mille Collines’s messages which encouraged the killing of Tutsis were being broadcast from the ‘Zone Turquoise’. They also neglected to arrest or apprehend any militia leaders.

Eventually, the Genocide was brought to an end by the RPF forces when they reached Kigali. In recent years, many UN officials have expressed regret, sorrow and shame for their lack of action in 1994.

Chess in Rwanda: Why is it on the rise?

Chess, a two-player strategy board game played by millions of people worldwide, is taking root in Rwanda at a pace, perhaps, unseen before the past three years.

A burgeoning thrust especially in the past few years is picking up momentum with local kids, especially loving the game more.

December 2015, Rwanda moved up seven places to 155th in the latest global country rank published by the World Chess Federation (FIDE). A country is ranked according to performances, or average rating, of its top 10 active rated players.

Rwanda’s most recent advance came just weeks after the country, last month, hosted its second ever rated tournament in which five more Rwandans acquired the coveted FIDE rating.

The country now has 20 rated players. It is looking to boost these numbers after hosting its third rated tournament. Rwanda Open – a seven-round event which will begin on January, 29, with one round at Classic Hotel in Kigali.

The first two rated tournaments were held in Rwanda last year. However, they were not as big as the upcoming competition which is sponsored by Kasparov Chess Foundation Africa (KCFA), a non-profit organization founded by 13th World Chess Champion, Russian Grand Master (GM) Garry Kasparov, and has players from countries including Burundi, DR Congo and Kenya, set to vie for the honors.

“This is our third rated tournament, and we are happy to be able to organize such tournaments as they not only benefit individual players but also help the country to progress on the world ranking. We plan to continue in that direction,” Kevin Ganza, Vice President the Rwanda Chess Federation (FERWADE), said in interview.

“This year’s open is special as it will bring together players from four countries from the region DRC, Burundi, Kenya and local players (Rwanda). If all goes well, our global ranking could as well improve, slightly, if all our 20 rated players get active.”

According to Ganza, “expectations are high” ahead of the four-day affair.

Unrated players will be looking to get the coveted FIDE rating. To join the cream, debutants must snatch any draw or win in five matches against rated opponents in a rated tournament. It is always a tough feat.

Ganza also said Rwanda Open will also be a fine opportunity for Rwandans to test their capability against tougher opponents, eight months before games in the next Chess Olympiad, a biennial chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete, start.

Come September, the 42nd Chess Olympiad will be held in Baku, the capital and commercial hub of Azerbaijan.

Rwanda is looking to field two men and women teams, of five players each, during the games organized by FIDE in the touristic low-lying city with coastline along the Caspian Sea, famed for its medieval walled old city, containing the Palace of the Shirvanshahs, a vast royal complex, and the iconic stone Maiden Tower.

The road to Baku, however, is not smooth as youngsters including Sandrine Uwase, 13, and Joselyne Uwase, 12, have recently made it clear that they will be a threat to senior lady players when Olympiad pre-qualifiers start in March.

Rwanda rising

Meanwhile, Kenya’s most dominant player in 2015 and winner of Rwanda’s first-ever rated tournament, held last February, CM (Candidate Master) Ben Magana, is among those traveling to play in the upcoming competition.

Magana told this website that: “Chess in Rwanda is on the rise, thanks to the fantastic partnership between FERWADE and KCF-A. Rwanda has an exciting mix of veterans and young players and it is one of the emerging chess nations in this part of Africa, together with Tanzania.”

“The future of chess always lies with the youth and, as such, emphasis must be put in teaching Chess to the kids. Rwanda’s chess federation has introduced the important mini-chess programme in primary schools where young brains are exposed to the game,” Magana said.

“In just a matter of a few years, these boys and girls will be a force to reckon with. This is the beauty of chess: young children anywhere in the world exposed to Chess have no option but to get better, and start beating the seniors at the game! Rwanda will be a force to reckon with in a decade if these basics are taken care of.”

Last February 2015, FERWADE with the help of KCF-A rolled out its coveted Mini-Chess programme in a pilot phase now on track in five pilot primary schools – GS Ste Famille, GS Akumunigo, both in Nyarugenge District; GS Kimisange and GS Masaka I, in Kicukiro District; and EP Mayange B, in Bugesera District.

The MiniChess Programme, developed in South Africa in 2010 as part of the school curriculum, has had greater success in schools in South Africa.

It is essentially not only about teaching chess, but an educational programme – an ingenious and efficient way of teaching mathematics using chess materials.

Howard Buffett, Sean Penn to name Baby Gorillas at #KwitaIzina2017

Hollywood star Sean Penn and Howard Buffett – son of American billionaire investor Warren Buffett – are expected to descend on Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park on Friday, September 1, to name baby mountain gorillas during Kwita Izina, the country’s annual baby gorilla naming ceremony.

This year marks the 13th edition of Rwanda’s flagship tourism event, which brings together conservationists from all over the world to celebrate the country’s success in protecting the endangered species. The theme for this year’s event is, “Conservation and sustainable tourism; a foundation for future generations”.

This year will see a total of 19 baby gorillas given names in efforts that are geared towards conserving the critically endangered species.

According to the latest statistics (2010), only 880 mountain gorillas are left in the world, and about half of them reside in the lush Virunga chain of eight volcanic mountains that straddle Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Mountain gorillas remain a big-money tourist attraction in the three countries.

Since the initial launch of Kwita Izina in 2005, a total of 239 baby mountain gorillas have been named.

Rwanda’s Mountain Gorilla Rally to Improve Tourism

Rwanda is one of the only three destinations in the world where the rare mountain gorillas are protected. The other two incredible destinations include Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. These 3 countries offer trekkers with only 4 options to spark their imaginations with the rarest wild primates in their natural habitat and no where else except only Bwindi Forest and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Southwestern Uganda, Volcanoes National Park in Northwestern Rwanda and the Virunga National Park, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Rwanda Gorilla Safaris & Uganda Primate watching trips always feature on top list due to safety and prevailing peace in both countries. Tracking these great apes in the Democratic Republic of Congo equally rewards visitors with the most remarkable experiences of life time.

There are fewer than 1060 mountain gorillas that still thrive in the entire world and Rwanda is proud to be a home to over 360 mountain gorillas, taking the largest population of all the gorillas that live within the Virunga Mountains. Rwanda’s tourism has drastically increased due to aggressive marketing strategies from the government as well as partnerships with other stakeholders in terms of mountain gorilla conservation.

Despite several marketing strategies used by the Rwanda government, the impact of Mountain Gorilla Rally competitions should not be left out. Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally was initially called the “Fraternity Rally,” an international rally racing event organized by the Rwanda Automobile Club. The rally is conducted in Kigali Rwanda and it comprises of African Rally Championship and the Rwandan National Rally Championship. The Fraternity Rally started in 1999 as a motorsport that re-established itself after the Rwandan Civil War. It started as a cross border rally that began in Kampala, Uganda prior finishing in Kigali. The rally turned to be part of the African championships the next year, after Rwanda was suspended in 1988. For the previous years, the Uganda portion of the event declined and later renamed the “Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally” in 2002. For several years, Burundi driver Rudy Cantanhede has been the most successful driver in the rallies history with 3 wins to his credit. Italian born local driver Giancarlo Davite also has 2 wins to his credit.

It is not surprising that Mountain Gorilla Rally competitions have extended to various places including East Africa; Ivory Coast, South Africa, Zambia and currently in Rwanda. The good news is that, the 2017 Africa Rally Championship (ARC) is expected to take place in Kigali-Bugesera as Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally come September 8^th (Friday) and 10^th (Sunday). The Rwanda leg will mark 6^th round on the 7 race continental motorsport calendar. It is expected to lure the top local, regional and continental drivers.

Benefits of the Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally 2017

For the local drivers, this will be time for points in pursuit of the national championship. The Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally is advancing to a higher level thereby hosting the most acknowledged drivers in the race that in turn aides in spreading awareness to many people about the event and thus escalating more gorilla tracking tours in Rwanda. The Rwanda tourism industry however conveys more regard to every one, government, partners and sponsors for the continued support that has yielded success in the races thus fostering mountain gorilla tours.

Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally helps in creating awareness about tourism industry nationally, regionally and internationally and given the fact that this event takes place in various regions, it therefore results into more mountain gorilla trekking tours. The gorilla rally also aides to unite various parts of the world as one thus they work together to develop the tourism and increase more tourist attractions so as to lure more visitors hence increasing revenues to the government from the tourism industry.

On the other hand, the rallies are also a source of employment opportunities to the people. Besides, it aides in skill development and in a long run, enhances their talents given the fact that all people across the world, are free to join the races. Through mountain Gorilla Rallies, domestic tourism is also promoted as several nationals are lured to participate in the race and return benefits tourism and boosts the gorilla trekking safaris in Rwanda.

The competitions are also one of the ways to boost conservation and protection of mountain gorillas since the money that is generated from this race is used for funding the several gorilla programs in various parts that helps to increase the population of visitors traveling for gorilla tracking.

In conclusion, the Rwanda Mountain Gorilla Rally is an opportunity for Rwanda to market its tremendous wild mountain gorillas to the world travelers. At the end of it all, increases the number visitors and hence boosts the tourism sector of the country. Gorilla trekking in Rwanda is conducted in Volcanoes National Park, Northwestern Rwanda. It is proud to be a home to over 360 gorillas with 10 Habituated Families for tourists to catch a glimpse of these world’s fascinating primates.

What We can Learn From Dian Fossey’s Gorilla Conservation Spirit

Are you a scientist, conservationist or naturalist? What have you learnt about Dian Fossey and mountain gorillas? Dian Fossey was a primatologist; conservationist, scientist as well as an anthropologist famously known for her research on the world’s critically endangered mountain gorillas of the Virunga complex in 1960’s and 1980’s. Spending about 18 years while in the jungles with these remarkable creatures comes with passion and dedication and credit goes to Dian Fossey. Today, Rwanda, Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are the most popular destinations in the world that attract millions of travelers purposely for mountain gorilla trekking and this has not come for the sake but simply because of Dian Fossey’s legacy to conserve mountain gorillas. Her told stories in her book and later a movie “Gorillas in the Mist” can easily be accessed globally. Before this book was published and the movie appeared to the public, hardly did the world know anything about these impressive creatures or why they are the world’s critically endangered species. We credit her because currently, millions of people are aware about wild mountain gorillas something that has simplified their conservation on this planet.

Dian Fossey spent hours and hours with these spectacular primates something that built a strong bond between her and the mountain gorillas in African wilderness. It is such a strong background that the world has understood value of conserving mountain gorillas and their habitat. As well, we are able to understand the complex feelings and collective aptitudes of mountain gorillas and their real threats that from time and again have claimed their lives.

Drawing links between mountain gorillas and humans:

Dian Fossey made splendid findings her research in Volcanoes National Park Rwanda and one of which was that mountain gorillas were very social. Her research indicated the gentleness that these wild creatures demonstrate to one another in the jungles. Mountain gorillas are on wholly the most harmonious animals and only indicate bouts of attack when guarding their babies. She also found out that every mountain gorilla had a different temperament and this explains why she named each mountain gorilla that she met. The other finding that she made was that the rare mountain gorillas attach a strong feeling with their family members. They also mourn just like humans. To Dian Fossey, mountain gorillas share numerous human characteristics especially playing and tickling and this helps us to understand more about human biology.

The escalating threat to mountain gorillas:

This is also something that we shouldn’t forget about Dian Fossey. Many mountain gorillas are protected around the Virunga Volcanoes just within the leaps of Virunga National Park. The park covers many of African states and has unfortunately faced several instabilities for about 2 decades. In the 1990’s, Dian Fossey was forcefully displaced at a time of political insurgency, which came with numerous threats to the lives of mountain gorillas that reside around this area.  This also made thousands to be displaced and they resided adjacent the Virunga complex national parks of which has caused intense poaching and mountain gorilla habitat depletion. In addition, the rebel group has also occupied many areas of the park where half of mountain gorillas reside. This has made the work of conservationists to protect these critically endangered species very hard. There are nearly 14o Virunga game rangers who have lost their lives on the frontline of protecting the mountain gorillas since 1996.

The efforts that have been to conserve these creatures extend up to date. Unfortunately, the civil wars in DRC and oil mining have turned to be the stressful factors on endeavors to protect the mountain gorillas. The Virunga National Park protects about 200 mountain gorillas many of which are orphaned gorillas.

In 1970’s, Rwanda on the other hand had only 240 mountain gorillas which is a different case today. Currently, there are less than 1060 mountain gorillas that are still surviving in the world and out of this, about 62% of all those that live within the Virunga Massif can be found in the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Despite this increase, mountain gorillas are still at the point of extinction in the world and this is nothing other than poaching and habitat encroachment. When we look at what Dian Fossey instructed us concerning these impressively beautiful primates, it is more useful that we direct her love for these creatures into their conservation. It is as a result of Dian Fossey’s conservation endeavors that mountain gorillas have become the only primates whose population is escalating.

Encroachment and mountain gorillas

To conserve the 900 mountain gorillas that are left in the world toady means that we first understand the exact threats that these endangered species are encountering. These threats include poaching, disease, habitat loss and charcoal burning and these have impacted on the decrease of these species either directly or indirectly.

Due to the ever escalating population, humans have moved into areas next to gorilla habitat. This human pressure has also claimed gorilla habitat given the fact that many people largely depend on farming and as a result, these endangered species are displaced from their natural habitats. Living adjacent the park where these primates stay means their lives are at a higher risk of contracting human diseases and illnesses given the fact that they share 98% of their genes with humans makes them to be very susceptible to human diseases. Dian Fossey’s research therefore was crucial in opening up a better understanding of human beings by recognizing our close relatives.

Charcoal burning also leads to deforestation in the gorilla habitat. Despite the fact that charcoal burning is not a legal act, the largest population of adjacent local community residents depend on charcoal as the main source of fuel. Others threats include illegal hunting of mountain gorillas. Although poachers kill Apes for their body parts, in most cases, mountain gorillas are not their main targets; the only unfortunate part of it is that mountain gorillas get entangled into the wire snares and traps which are laid for other species.

Conserving mountain gorillas in Dian Fossey’s memory:

Dian Fossey was animated woman and the heartfelt that she had assisted to save the critically endangered mountain gorillas. At one point Dian Fossey said “when you realize the value of all life, you dwell less on past and concentrate more on the conservation of the future.” We may not alter the current situation that has caused the decrease of the mountain gorillas but we can and we must, as brilliant and empathetic human beings, change the future. You can as well assist to conserve the mountain gorillas by supporting the endeavors of protection groups like Dian Fossey’s Gorilla Fund, Adopt a Mountain gorilla or simply donate towards conservation of mountain gorillas. Above all, go on a Rwanda Gorilla Safari and by so doing you would have supported conservation of mountain gorillas not only in Volcanoes National Park but across the world. We realize that Dian Fossey’s effort to conserve mountain gorillas was useful but, her personal commitment to the lives of these endangered species and her emphasis on the value of these creatures can have a long lasting effect. In case these creatures survive on earth due to her efforts to conserve them then that will certainly be her biggest achievement.

In conclusion, Dian Fossey was backbone of mountain gorilla conservation not only in Rwanda but also Africa at large. The more we put our efforts to conserve these endangered species the more their population increases and thus tourists can be able to enjoy authentic experiences.

John Kerry’s remarks at the Montreal Protocol Meet in Kigali

Well, good afternoon everybody. I want to begin by thanking the president of this Meeting of the Parties, Minister Biruta, and the Government of Rwanda for the terrific job that they have done in hosting everybody all of this week here in beautiful Kigali. I also want to thank the terrific administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – my friend, Gina McCarthy – and Ambassador Jennifer Haverkamp, who have been leading our team. And if you’ll permit me, I want to thank our entire team and all of the teams – everybody here has been working extraordinarily hard on this for a long period of time.

And therefore, I want to profoundly thank all of our international partners, without whom there is no multilateral effort, there is no accountability, there is no transparency, there is no effort. The delegations have all been working hard to ensure that we live up to our nations’ pledges that were made last fall in Dubai.

Now, nearly 30 years ago, the countries that we represent came together in Montreal around an agreement that fundamentally shifted the path that our planet was on. It was one of the earliest efforts. I was privileged to be elected to the United States Senate and go in 1985. We began working on this in 1986, ‘7, ‘8, ‘9 – ’87 passed; in 1989 it came into effect. I want you to just think of that – 28 times we have come together since that time in order to nurture and advance this incredibly daring and effective protocol. And with success, we have the ability to be able now once again to prove the value of multilateral work, the value of diplomacy, and the value of patience.

So thanks to the cooperation and the courage that we summoned at that critical time almost 30 years ago, the hole in the ozone layer – which had been growing at an alarming rate, and which was the reason that we came together – that hole is now shrinking, and it’s on its way to full repair.

So we proved that we can make a difference. We proved that science has a value. We proved that if we come together in a forum like this, we can actually do things that affect the entire planet.
Today, in Kigali, the parties to the Montreal Protocol are again called on to summon our shared commitment to the only planet that we have. And I can assure you, that in the 30 years’ time from now, our successors will look back and scrutinize, make judgments about the steps that we take or don’t take, fail to take at this time. The only question is whether or not they will be as proud of what we do now as we are of what our predecessors did three decades ago.

Now, everyone in this room is aware of how serious the stakes are. Everyone here knows about the reams of scientific evidence that is gathering by the day and by the week, all of it compounding to provide one of the most authoritative scientific cases we have ever seen with respect to things that happen on the planet, all of them detailing how catastrophic climate change could be for future generations. We all know that the window of time that we have to prevent the worst impacts from happening is in fact narrow, and it is closing fast. We see fires – there was a National Academy of Science report just the other day – fires lasting longer, fires of greater impact. We see drought lasting longer, happening more frequently. We see agriculture affected in country after country. We see flooding in places it hasn’t occurred. Five-hundred-year floods have become once every five years, 10 years. We all know that adopting an ambitious amendment to phase down the use and production of hydrofluorocarbons – or HFCs – is likely the single most important step that we could take at this moment to limit the warming of our planet and protect the planet for future generations to come.

It is not often you get a chance to have a .5-degree centigrade reduction by taking one single step together as countries – each doing different things perhaps at different times, but getting the job done.

All of us here know that HFCs, which was supposed to be the solution, turned out not to be the solution. We replaced the ozone depleting substances, but we came to understand the hard way that HFCs may be safe for the ozone layer but they are disastrous for our climate, in many cases thousands of times more damaging than carbon dioxide. So today, the use of HFCs in everyday items like refrigerators and air conditioners is responsible for an entire gigaton of carbon dioxide equivalent pollution every single year. Put another way, in a single year, these substances emit as much CO2 equivalent as nearly 300 coal-fired power plants.

In Paris, the world set the goal of limiting the Earth’s warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Everybody here understands, and we have heard again and again, an ambitious HFC amendment is the single biggest thing we can do in one giant swoop, in one moment. Kigali can become the pace setter for Marrakesh and the pace setter for next year. That is how much our work here in Kigali matters. That is the responsibility that we share.

Now, obviously, I recognize that although approving the amendment that we seek is an essential step forward, it’s not an easy solution for some countries to decide to make. I understand that. Not easy for anybody to make fundamentally. Implementing it is a different process for each of our countries, and we need to respect that and we are. Some nations, including the United States, have already begun to phase down the use of HFCs, but others have not. And therefore, some of those countries have real concerns about the potential costs.

I believe that what we have done here in the workup to this amendment recognizes those differences, understands the differences, makes genuine efforts in order to try to deal with them by putting money on the table, by stretching out certain kinds of schedules, by dealing with baselines responsibly, and ultimately by having different freeze years that recognize what is genuinely possible.
But it is important for everybody here to remember that one of the reasons that the Montreal Protocol has worked so well is because it accounts for these differences. Cooperation is written right into the text of the agreement. No country has ever been expected to go it alone, and that is absolutely true under the HFC amendment of the type that we have proposed. No country is expected to go it alone. In fact, the multilateral fund exists with the sole purpose of assisting countries in implementing their obligations.

Last month I announced in New York that in order to help with the early stages of an ambitious HFC amendment, the United States and other donor countries intended to contribute an additional $27 million now, and I am confident as we go forward that more money will be produced, but that is the amount that we will produce immediately into the fund in 2017. And because we all recognize that governments aren’t going to do this all by themselves, a dozen donors from philanthropic and private sector community announced that they, too, are going to contribute, and they pledged at least another $50 million if we are successful.

Now, I remember a very late night in Paris when people were agitating and some people were worried that somehow the differentiation because of common and differentiated wasn’t being acknowledged enough. Well remember, that has never been part of the Montreal Protocol discussion. Never. That is not the standard we have ever applied. But nevertheless, in Paris we passed the most differentiated agreement ever in history. How can I say that? Because it’s true. Every single country came to Paris with its own plan designed by itself with a review process that is not accountable under the law, so it’s open to everybody’s application.

Well, here it’s the same thing. We have countries coming in that are prepared to start in 2021. We are and we will, but we know we can’t hold everybody to that. So other countries will start at a later time with a different baseline, and other countries perhaps even different from that. We understand that. That’s why we have a group 1 and a group 2, and we’re working through these things. But no country has a right to turn its back on this effort and to forget about the meaning of a multilateral effort where the world is looking to us to try to literally save this planet from what we ourselves have chosen to do with respect to how we power our energy and what we have done for more than 150 years or more.

I don’t think there’s any question at all that every single person here, every negotiator, every country represented is here because everybody is committed to progress. I believe that. And we have been working towards this goal for some time now. Many of you have put in more long days and nights than you ever imagined you were going to. In fact, we’ve been working towards this day for those full 28 years, folks, but particularly towards this meeting and this amendment and this effort for quite some period of time.

I came to Kigali for the same reason that I came to Vienna last July: because I don’t want anybody to have the least doubt whatsoever about the commitment of the United States to try to make this happen, to invest in these negotiations and to invest in the outcomes, to continue to lead in order to help put technical assistance, resources, money, and intellectual property, and all of the effort that we can to help countries be able to cross this line. We are willing to work with all of you to make possible a meaningful outcome.

And I want to emphasize: That meaningful outcome is not some pie-in-the-sky dream out there that’s yet to be defined. It’s not some intangible, yet to be defined technology or something that we don’t know how to do. It’s not.

I just came from Silicon Valley; I went out there three or four days ago for the simple reason I wanted to hear what they’re doing. I wanted to sit at the table with all of the young start-ups and all of the creative energy that’s going into finding the solutions for battery storage, for new refrigerants, for new heat transmission – all of these kinds of things that we’re working on. And I tell you, I came away so confident, so excited about what is happening and what will happen. It is clear that businesses are already moving as rapidly as possible to deliver energy in a less expensive, more efficient, modern, and effective way.

And last year – think about this – investment in renewable energy was at an all-time high – $348 billion was invested. And for the first time in history, despite the low price of oil, gas, and coal, more of the world’s money was spent fostering renewable energy technologies than on new fossil fuel plants. That’s the transformation that we’re in the middle of. And costs for these technologies continue to plummet. I think it was Argentina recently just letted a contract for 2.99 cents for solar per kilowatt hour. Saudi Arabia letted a contract for 3 cents per kilowatt hour for solar. I am absolutely convinced that Moore’s Law, the law of technology, about what happens when you begin down a road is going to take over, and there’s no question whatsoever. The marketplace is going to decide this, folks.

And I’ll tell you what – it’s 2016, right? The first baselines don’t even begin until 2019, 2020, 2021. Then you go to ‘24, ‘23, ‘24, ‘25, ‘26 and some out into later – 10 years in this world of technology is a lifetime, many lifetimes.

And the fact is that if we continue to remember the high stakes for every country on Earth, the global transition to a clean energy economy is going to accelerate. It is going to drive a virtuous cycle of greater innovation, greater investment, greater productivity, cheaper products, faster compliance with all of what we’re trying to do.

So I say to you clearly and I say without any doubt: Bet on the future. Don’t hedge against the future here. Bet on the future of the planet and bet on the future of human ingenuity. And believe me, I tell you, the message that we sent out of Paris is what sent the signal that has created the kind of investment figures that I just quoted. Wait until you see what happens with investment if we send a powerful message from Kigali about this particular effort.

This is a time for leadership. And everybody here is a leader in this effort.

Again and again, we have gone beyond the targets that we set for ourselves in the Montreal Protocol. Remember that. We’ve consistently beaten the targets and we’ll beat these targets. If we’re going to adopt an amendment this year, we need to conclude negotiations on a level of ambition in the coming hours. And if we’re going to give this amendment the teeth that it needs to prevent as much a half a degree of warming, then we need to make sure that we are pushing the most far-reaching amendment that we can adopt. Every week, every day that we are able to move up the freeze dates, or every hour we’re able to accelerate our phasedown schedules – every bit of HFC production and consumption that we can reduce all makes a difference.

Adopting the Paris Agreement was a clear signal to the world – and particularly the private sector – this is where governments in every corner of the globe are going. Governments in every corner of the globe finally understand the true magnitude of the challenge and what it means to global security – security, folks. We’re going to see climate refugees. We already have the greatest refugee crisis we’ve had since World War II, but we are going to see – we already see some climate refugees and we will see more.

If you think there’s a challenge to provide food for some people, just think of the challenge for those people who think they found a place where they can produce the food and it all changes, because the lack of water, the increased heat. That’s what we’re facing. The fact is that real security is at stake in this, because if people have food problems and water problems and refugee problems, then we all have problems with countering violent extremism and managing our economies.

So if we can adopt an ambitious HFC amendment here in Kigali, the message is going to be underscored the same way that it was in Paris, and it will demonstrate to the private sector just how serious we are, and that will immediately move capital into finding the solutions to this problem. Why? Because people will make money, because there are revenue streams for energy, for refrigerators, for air conditioning.

In the end, what we do here today is actually about much more than just one amendment. It’s about much more than the Montreal Protocol. It’s about whether we have actually woken up as a world in a meaningful way to the harsh reality of climate change.

We’ve known about this threat for decades now. But for a long time, we have allowed countries to be divided into certain kinds of fault lines – rich and poor, north and south, industrialized and developing. And those divisions prevented us for years from achieving any meaningful progress. And so I can remember from the day I went to Rio in 1992 to the follow-on conferences in Bueno Aires, the Kyoto efforts we made, all the way to Copenhagen and that failure, and then the passage in Paris. We lost years in this effort. We delayed action and the challenge grew and it became harder and harder to overcome. And every year that we wait here, it will become more expensive and it will become more demanding.

But then we found a way to go forward. We turned the corner. We removed many of the hurdles that had been blocking the road to progress. And because of the unprecedented cooperation that was built among so many different nations – there are almost 200 here – because of that, we were able to achieve the most inclusive, the most ambitious global climate agreement in history.
In the time since, as I mentioned, we’ve all seen the evidence of growing need for a collective commitment to action. Last week, we actually crossed a remarkable threshold. That was to bring the Paris Agreement into force this year, far quicker than most people imagined that we could.

So, my friends, we have hours left here, into the wee hours, no doubt. But today, our commitment is being tested yet again, and we have to prove ourselves yet again. I will tell you that – excuse me – having been part of those many other years of meetings, I actually come to Kigali more confident than ever that we have the knowledge, we have the ability, we have the solutions – some yet to be fully defined, but we are on the cusp of one of the greatest revolutions in the history of humankind. And I believe our community of nations finally understands the magnitude of what we are up against. I believe we’ve all learned that none of our nations, not one of us, is equipped to deal with this generational task all by ourselves. And I believe we all recognize that it is time to meet this global threat with all of the seriousness and all of the purpose and all of the commitment that it demands, and to do what we must do to urgently meet this need now, and to do so boldly.
So I say to everybody here, let’s get this job done, just as we did in Paris. Let’s do it the way we did, let’s get it done in the next few hours, let’s move forward, and together, I think we can leave here with pride in the foundation we have laid for the greatest change our planet has ever seen in how we energize and service our marketplaces, and most importantly, live up to our obligation to protect the future for the future.
Thank you very much. (Applause.)

Rwanda Signs Paris Agreement on Climate Change

Rwanda has joined over 160 countries in signing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Rwanda was represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Louise Mushikiwabo.

The Paris Agreement represents the strong global commitment to promote environmental protection and mitigate the impacts of climate change. The agreement provides the framework for all nations to introduce and strengthen policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and respond to a warmer planet. It also includes a commitment by developed nations to support climate vulnerable countries through finance and technology at $100 billion annually until 2025.

The agreement is the result of years of negotiations that began in Durban in 2011 and concluded at the U.N. Climate Talks held in Paris in December (COP21). The talks were held under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and concluded with the Paris Agreement, which was adopted by all parties to the UNFCCC – 196 nations.

“The Paris Agreement is a key platform for a global plan of action that will reduce carbon emissions and limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius, with the lofty goal of keeping temperature increases below 1.5 degrees. This stronger target is what the government called for at the Climate Talks in December 2015 because we know that anything less ambitious places Rwanda and other vulnerable nations at unacceptable risk of climate related disasters,” Natural Resources Minister Vincent Biruta remarked.

Among actions taken by the government with regards to environmental protection are; the ban on plastic bags, conservation of natural heritage through national parks and protected areas, landscape restoration and the planting millions of trees every year.

“A key part of achieving our vision is Rwanda’s Green Fund – a ground-breaking environment and climate change investment fund and the largest of its kind in Africa,”said Minister Mushikiwabo while delivering Rwanda’s national statement in New York. “The fund invests in the best public and private projects that have the potential for trans-formative change and that support Rwanda’s commitment to building a green economy. The fund has mobilized 100 million dollars to date and is a leading example of the impact that well managed climate financing can have.”

She also announced that Rwanda will ratify the Paris Agreement as soon as possible and called on all nations to execute their climate action plans so that the agreement lives up to the expectations of current and future generations. “While the Paris Agreement is a historic step in the right direction, we must not be content with today’s signing alone. The real work now begins to ratify and match our commitments with action,” she said. It has to be noted that the agreement will enter into force on the 30th day after the date on which at least 55 parties to the convention, accounting in total for at least an estimated 55% per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.